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Mobbing...Charakterystyka mobbingu
Mobbing. Nowe pojęcie czynowe zjawisko?
Z pogranicza psychologii klinicznej oraz psychologii pracy.
Autor: Ewa Ger
Charakterystyka mobbingu
Z wcześniejszych rozważań łatwo wywnioskować, że mobbing dla jednostki jest wyniszczającym atakiem ambicjonalnym, przejawiającym się w różnych zachowaniach agresywnych i inwazyjnych zależnych od stadium, w jakim się znajduje. Zatem mobbing jest procesem. Zaczynający się niepozornie proces degradacji, szybko dochodzi do punktu krytycznego, od którego nie ma już powrotu do stanu normalnego funkcjonowania (Davenport, Schwartz, Elliot, 1999). Leymann wyróżnił pięć charakterystycznych faz mobbingu
1. konflikt
2. akty agresji
3. włączenie zarządu w cykl
4. etykieta bycia trudnym lub chorym psychicznie
5. wykluczenie
Zatem zarzewiem mobbingu jest konflikt. Błędem byłoby jednak twierdzenie, że każdy konflikt występujący w organizacji implikuje inicjatywę zachowań mobbingowych. Powszechnie wiadomo, że wszędzie tam, gdzie mamy do czynienia z interakcją społeczną, w wyniku różnic indywidualnych konflikty są nieuchronne. Nie stanowią one czynnika zagrażającego dla organizacji pod warunkiem dobrego i konstruktywnego ich rozwiązania, dobrej woli i chęci współpracy jego uczestników. W takim bowiem przypadku konflikty mogą nawet stanowić ważny czynnik pozytywnie wpływający na zachowania twórcze i motywacyjne zaangażowanych. Zatem konflikt samoistnie nie stanowi jeszcze mobbingu. Nie mniej jednak, to on jest najczęstszą przyczyną jego inicjacji. Nierzadko jest tak, że konflikt wskazuje osobę, która będzie ofiarą. Mówiąc potocznie, zwyczajnie narazi się "niewłaściwej" osobie i to uruchamia lawinę zachowań mobbingowych. Jeśli konflikt dodatkowo wzmocniony jest atmosferą dużej konkurencji w organizacji, a potencjalna ofiara stwarza w tym wymiarze zagrożenie, to wzrasta prawdopodobieństwo, iż nie zostanie on rozwiązany i będzie trwać w postaci mobbingu.
Tą "niewłaściwą" osobą nie zawsze jest przełożony (mobbing wertykalny). Prześladowcą (mobberem) może być współpracownik (mobbing horyzontalny), a nawet podwładny (Davenport, Schwartz, Elliot, 1999). Rozpoczynają się agresywne zachowania i psychologiczne ataki, które wprawiają mobbing w ruch. Ofiara stara się wyjaśnić zaistniałą sytuację, zazwyczaj jednak nieskutecznie, przede wszystkim dlatego, że na tym etapie często zachowania te mają charakter agresji biernej (Davenport, Schwartz, Elliot, 1999). Oznacza to, że działania atakujące wplątane są w przejawy uprzejmości i grzeczności. Prześladowca zapewniając, że konflikt jest rozwiązany deklaruje, iż wszystko jest wyjaśnione i pod pozornie przyjacielskimi zachowaniami atakuje coraz bardziej zmęczoną ofiarę. Dlatego prześladowanemu tak trudno jest udowodnić przemoc. W zamian zaczyna być postrzegany jako niepoczytalny, gdyż jego zachowania i reakcje (wybuchy agresji, furie lub skrajna apatia) wydają się być niewspółmierne do sytuacji, w której się znajduje, przypisuje się mu urojenia i wzniecanie konfliktów. Jednocześnie psychiczne tortury wzmagają się i pojawiają się coraz częściej.
Na skutek widocznych zachowań prześladowanego mobber łatwo zjednuje sobie zespół dręczycieli i wkrótce ofiara w swoim otoczeniu pozostaje sama. Zachowania mobbingowe utrzymują się, bo są ignorowane, tolerowane, nieprawidłowo interpretowane i wręcz podżegane przez zespół kierowniczy (Davenport, Schwartz, Elliot, 1999) bądź nieświadomie, bądź jako zamierzona strategia. Jeśli zarząd organizacji nie został jeszcze włączony w, zaawansowany już, cykl mobbingu, na podstawie nietrafnych ocen zachowania ofiary i błędnej interpretacji jej reakcji, rozpoczyna się proces izolowania i wykluczania. Kompetencje ofiary są w sposób ciągły kwestionowane, co prowadzi do oceny jej jako niegodnej zaufania. Odczuwając to dotkliwie ofiara sama myśli, że jej praca jest nic nie warta i jej samoocena drastycznie spada. Tu zaczyna się eskalacja - spirala mobbingu (Davenport, Schwartz, Elliot, 1999). W konsekwencji prowadzi do poważnego spadku koncentracji i pojawienia się objawów somatycznych. Na tym etapie ofiara często zmuszana jest do poddania się psychologicznym badaniom specjalistycznym, których efektem jest orzeczenie o niezdolności do pracy. Widoczne już objawy zaburzeń psychicznych i choroby fizyczne to konsekwencje, dzięki którym organizacja ma faktyczne podstawy do niskiej oceny takiego pracownika. Nietrafna ocena zarządu i specjalistów pogłębiają negatywny cykl, który niemal zawsze prowadzi do wykluczenia ofiary z pracy lub zmuszenia jej do złożenia rezygnacji. Wykluczenie z organizacji jest dla niej wydarzeniem traumatycznym, po którym zaburzenia psychologiczne i psychosomatyczne utrzymują się lub nawet nasilają. Warto w tym miejscu podkreślić, że mobbing nierzadko jest kontynuowany nawet po wykluczeniu ofiary z danej społeczności (Davenport, Schwartz, Elliot, 1999). Po pierwsze z powodu odczuwanego głodu tego rodzaju stymulacji, po wtóre zaś dla potwierdzenia i usprawiedliwienia słuszności stosowania tych agresywnych technik względem konkretnej jednostki.
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