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Kiedy zastosować Program Dobrowolnych Odejść?
Autor: Albert Binda
Wdrożenie Programu Dobrowolnych Odejść (PDO) może znacznie złagodzić skutki jakie niesie ze sobą restrukturyzacja zatrudnienia. I choć nie wyeliminujemy w ten sposób wszystkich negatywnych konsekwencji tego procesu, to dobrze przemyślany i wdrożony PDO może uchronić firmę od silnych napięć społecznych charakterystycznych dla okresu zwolnień grupowych.
Programy Dobrowolnych Odejść możemy zastosować w perspektywie krótko- lub długookresowej. W pierwszym przypadku najczęściej mamy do czynienia z sytuacją, w której PDO poprzedza zwolnienia grupowe lub właściwie jest elementem tego procesu. W drugim przypadku PDO może stanowić element długookresowego programu restrukturyzacji zatrudnienia, na przykład w organizacjach, w których obowiązują pakiety społeczne dające pracownikom wieloletnie gwarancje zatrudnienia. Niezależnie od perspektywy czasowej, PDO stosujemy zazwyczaj w sytuacji gdy można pozwolić sobie na pewną „dowolność” w doborze osób, które zakończą pracę w firmie. W sytuacji, w której redukcjami mają zostać objęci wszyscy pracownicy określonej jednostki organizacyjnej (np. całego zakładu, pionu czy nawet działu) proponowanie wybranym pracownikom „dobrowolnego” odejścia zwyczajnie traci sens i, co tu dużo mówić, jest po prostu nie na miejscu.
PDO poprzedzający zwolnienia
Istotą PDO jest zachęcenie pracowników do dobrowolnego rozwiązania stosunku pracy w firmie, która stoi przed koniecznością redukcji zatrudnienia. Funkcje „zachęty” odgrywają zazwyczaj dodatkowe odprawy lub inne gratyfikacje, na które pracownik nie będzie mógł liczyć jeśli zostanie objęty standardową procedurą zwolnień grupowych. Konstruując regulamin wprowadzający PDO, należy pamiętać o tym, aby wnioski o skorzystanie z PDO składane przez pracowników wymagały zgody przełożonego. W ten sposób firma powinna zabezpieczyć się przed sytuacją, w której podczas PDO odejdą najbardziej cenieni i wartościowi specjaliści czy menedżerowie. Zasady PDO są zazwyczaj częścią porozumienia w sprawie zwolnień grupowych negocjowanego przez pracodawcę z organizacjami związkowymi (lub regulaminu zwolnień, jeśli do takiego porozumienia nie dojdzie). Pracownicy mogą wówczas porównać warunki dobrowolnego odejścia z warunkami planowanych zwolnień, ocenić prawdopodobieństwo znalezienia się w grupie zwalnianej (na podstawie uzgodnionych kryteriów zwolnień) i na tej podstawie podjąć decyzję. Odejście „dobrowolne” dokonuje się zazwyczaj na podstawie porozumienia stron z przyczyn niedotyczących pracownika co sprawia, że pracownik nie traci prawa do odprawy a rozwiązanie stosunku pracy może nastąpić znacznie szybciej niż w przypadku otrzymania wypowiedzenia (którego okres, zgodnie z ustawą można skrócić najwyżej do 1 miesiąca). Oczywiście, aby oferta PDO była atrakcyjna dla pracowników, wartość oferowanej oprawy powinna przewyższać kwotę stanowiącą sumę należnej z mocy prawa odprawy i wartości wynagrodzenia, które pracownik otrzymałby w okresie wypowiedzenia. Jeżeli w ramach standardowej procedury zwolnień pracodawca oferuje lepsze warunki niż ustawowe minimum, to oczywiście PDO tym bardziej powinno wyróżniać się dodatkowymi zachętami.
PDO w dłuższej perspektywie restrukturyzacyjnej
PDO warto również rozważyć w sytuacji, gdy zwolnienia grupowe nie są koniecznością najbliższych tygodni a jednak problem restrukturyzacji zatrudnienia jest zagadnieniem, z którym organizacja będzie musiała się zmierzyć w perspektywie najbliższych 2-3 lat. Taka sytuacja może mieć miejsce w firmach z wieloletnimi gwarancjami zatrudnienia, gdzie wypowiedzenie stosunku pracy łączy się dla pracodawcy z ogromnymi odprawami i w związku z tym jest zbyt kosztowne. Nie wyklucza to jednak możliwości zaproponowania dobrowolnego odejścia pracownikom z grup zawodowych, w których istnieją przerosty zatrudnienia. W takiej sytuacji warto pomyśleć nie tylko o odpowiedniej odprawie, ale również o zapewnieniu profesjonalnego wsparcia w podjęciu nowej, satysfakcjonującej pracy. Program Dobrowolnych Odejść w takiej organizacji powinien zostać poprzedzony szeroko zakrojonymi konsultacjami społecznymi i rzetelną kampanią informacyjną. Już na tym etapie w obsługę programu można zaangażować zewnętrznych doradców, którzy podczas specjalnych dyżurów mogą informować pracowników o sytuacji na rynku pracy oraz sprawdzać możliwości podniesienia kwalifikacji i znalezienia nowej pracy. Dobrym rozwiązaniem jest zaoferowanie pracownikom możliwości odroczonego rozwiązania stosunku pracy. Wówczas pracownik przystępujący do programu zwalniany jest ze świadczenia pracy np. na 4 do 6 miesięcy i wykorzystuje ten czas na podniesienie kwalifikacji i poszukiwanie nowej pracy. Rozwiązanie stosunku pracy następuje po określonym w porozumieniu czasie (np. 6 miesięcy) lub wcześniej, jeżeli pracownik otrzyma interesującą ofertę pracy w innej firmie.
Wprowadzenie PDO jako instrumentu długoterminowej optymalizacji zatrudnienia daje bardzo wiele możliwości skonstruowania oferty w taki sposób, aby odejście pracownika do innej branży czy zawodu nastąpiło w sposób płynny i bezbolesny. Dla wielu osób może to być bardzo dobra okazja do zyskania kwalifikacji poszukiwanych i cenionych na rynku pracy, a dla pracodawcy będzie to niewątpliwie najbardziej łagodny i jednocześnie odpowiedzialny sposób ograniczenia nadmiernego zatrudnienia.
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