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Systemy premiowe 3
c.d
Autor: Jarosław Marciniak
Najważniejsze, uniwersalne zasady
1.
| Premiowanie określonych działań powinno być proporcjonalne do nakładu pracy oraz uzyskanych efektów. Punktem odniesienia, podobnie jak przy gratyfikacji zasadniczej, powinien być stopień trudności pracy. Oznacza to, że większa część premii powinna być wypłacana za zadania „najtrudniejsze”, chociaż pojęcie to – w odniesieniu do różnych pracowników i różnych zespołów ma często subiektywny charakter. |
| 2. | W regulaminie premiowania należy unikać czynników „oczywistych” – możliwych prawie zawsze do spełnienia przez każdego pracownika, niezależnie od okoliczności. Należy pamiętać, że świadczenia, które nie są uzależnione od wyników, mogą być odbierane tak jak wynagrodzenie zasadnicze i po stosunkowo krótkim czasie od momentu ich wprowadzenia nie pełnią już roli motywacyjnej. |
| 3. | W regulaminie powinien się znaleźć zestawienie czynników (kryteriów) dostosowanych zarówno do specyfiki przedsiębiorstwa, jak i oczekiwań pracowników – przy zachowaniu jak największego stopnia oddziaływania na całokształt efektów pracy. Rodzaj motywacji (a więc i rodzaj premii) oraz poziom gratyfikacji powinien uwzględniać oczekiwania poszczególnych zatrudnionych oraz zespołów pracowniczych. |
| 4. | Wszelkie systemy premiowania i regulacje je wprowadzające już w punkcie wyjścia powinny stanowić połączenie 3 elementów: celów, odnoszących się do priorytetów wynikających ze strategii działania przedsiębiorstwa, wyników, czyli rezultatów działania (pracy) osób zatrudnionych, oraz wynagrodzenia, czyli gratyfikacji pieniężnej za określony wkład pracy. |
| 5. | Kryteria premiowania są zazwyczaj wybiórcze i odnoszą się do czynników kluczowych, ważnych dla przedsiębiorstwa, zespołu, pojedynczego stanowiska. Niezależnie od tego, powinny być one dobrane w taki sposób, aby zapewniały oddziaływanie motywacyjne na cały proces pracy, a nie tylko na jego wybrane elementy, na przykład wyłącznie na poprawne relacje z klientem lub wyłącznie na sferę jakości wyrobów. Koncentracja na wycinkowych elementach procesu pracy – nawet z punktu widzenia twórców systemu premiowania, w danym momencie najważniejszych – może szybko doprowadzić do zaniedbania pozostałych składowych pracy. |
| 6. | Stosowanie zindywidualizowanych bodźców motywacyjnych jest skuteczniejsze od sankcji za określone zachowania. Premiowanie powinno mieć więc charakter pozytywny i selektywny. Pozytywne premiowanie polega na tym, że pracownik uzyskuje premię, jeśli wykaże się określonymi efektami pracy, a wysokość premii jest proporcjonalna do wysokości tych efektów. Z kolei premiowanie negatywne polega na tym, że z góry określa się kwotę należnej pracownikowi premii, a następnie część albo całość kwoty jest odbierana w razie poważnych uchybień w pracy. Premiowanie negatywne jest słabo powiązane z efektami pracy, a jego wartość motywacyjna jest żadna. Niestety, trudno w realiach wielu zakładów pracy odejść zupełnie od tzw. negatywnych elementów w systemie premiowania. Warto zauważyć, że premiowanie pozytywne prowadzi do pożądanej selektywności – oznacza to, że gratyfikuje się tylko tych zatrudnionych, którzy osiągają określony poziom efektów pracy, a wysokość tej gratyfikacji jest proporcjonalna do tych efektów. |
| 7. | Parametry – indywidualne lub zbiorowe wyniki pracy, które są podstawą wypłat, powinny być możliwe do zmierzenia w sposób obiektywny zarówno dla pracodawcy, jak i dla pracownika (na przykład przez system controllingu). |
| 8. | Proporcja między częścią stałą wynagrodzenia a premią powinna zależeć od polityki firmy na rynku (przedsiębiorstwo nastawione na: przetrwanie, na wynik lub na rozwój). Z drugiej strony część premiowa powinna być odczuwalna, czyli przy realizacji kryteriów premiowania przez pracownika nie powinna być mniejsza niż ok. 15%-20% jego miesięcznego wynagrodzenia (w polskich warunkach część zmienna stanowi najczęściej wartość 15–25% uposażenia zasadniczego). Wysokość jej powinna także zależeć od obiektywnej możliwości zmierzenia indywidualnego wpływu na wyniki (większa u pracownika produkcyjnego czy sprzedawcy niż u referenta ds. administracji). |
| 9. | W większości pieniężnych systemów premiowych określa się wysokość nominalną i maksymalną. Wysokość nominalna jest określana dla 100% poziomu realizacji celów. Osiągnięcie wyników poniżej lub powyżej tego poziomu jest wynagradzane w zależności od krzywej obranej przez firmę, związanej z jej polityką rynkową. Z kolei wysokość maksymalna to określenie nieprzekraczalnego pułapu wynagrodzenia premiowego przy wysoko postawionych, ale możliwych do zrealizowania celach. |
| 10. | Warto rozważyć opracowanie systemu opartego na mieszanym modelu premii indywidualnej z premią zespołową. Wiąże się to także z tworzeniem zespołów projektowych, rosnącą współpracą między pracownikami różnych struktur firmy, zwiększaniem znaczenia pracy w grupie. Taka premia indywidualno-zespołowa łączy w sobie oba elementy w ściśle określonych proporcjach (na przykład 40% za wyniki indywidualne, 40% za wyniki zespołu, 20% za wyniki firmy). |
| 11. | Jeżeli chodzi o dobór ogólnozakładowych kryteriów premiowania (uruchamiających w ogóle wypłatę premii „za dany” okres), fundusze premiowe tworzone są głównie z perspektywy finansowej, tzn. od wzrostu sprzedaży, wzrostu zysku, wzrostu wydajności lub rentowności, a także obniżki kosztów. Stosunkowo rzadko spotyka się systemy premiowe budowane przy wzięciu pod uwagę perspektywy klienta (jakość obsługi) oraz na bazie innych perspektyw (rozwoju lub operacyjnej). |
| 12. | Częstotliwość wypłat z tytułu premii powinna być określona w zależności od celów premiowania i stosowanych kryteriów (aby możliwy był obiektywny pomiar). Dla pracowników niższego szczebla najczęściej stosuje się wypłaty krótkoterminowe, tzn. miesięczne i kwartalne. Dla kadry kierowniczej, szczególnie najwyższego szczebla, preferuje się wypłaty po dłuższych okresach (od kwartału do roku). Zasady dotyczące wypłacania premii powinny być ujęte w taki sposób, aby było możliwe utrzymanie zbieżności czasowej między wykonaniem wyznaczonego zadania a otrzymaniem gratyfikacji z tego tytułu (dlatego też największym uznaniem pracowników cieszą się premie miesięczne i kwartalne). |
| 13. | Idealny system premiowy pozwala na koncentrowanie wysiłków na celach obranych przez firmę przy jednoczesnym większym zróżnicowaniu w wynagradzaniu pracowników (chodzi o nagradzanie tych, którzy realizują te cele). |
| 14. | Warto pamiętać, że prostota konstrukcji oraz jasne zasady zamieszczone w regulaminie są akceptowane oraz szybciej przyswajane przez pracowników, są również łatwiejsze w stosowaniu. |
Podsumowując - premie mogą i powinny być one bardzo zróżnicowane w zależności od wielkości i rodzaju zakładu pracy, potrzeb pracodawcy, rodzaju i charakteru procesu pracy w organizacji. Postanowienia regulaminu premiowania mogą uzależniać prawo do premii od wykonania konkretnych zadań premiowych. Regułę premiowania stanowi, bowiem zasada, według której zadania i wymagania stawiane pracownikowi z jednej strony oraz rodzaj i wysokość dodatkowego wynagrodzenia z drugiej strony powinny być skonkretyzowane. Innymi słowy, składnik premiowy wynagrodzenia musi zawierać element niepewny, element ryzyka.
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