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Systemy premiowe 2
c.d.
Autor: Jarosław Marciniak
Czynnik ludzki – najsłabszy element premiowania
Zarządzający firmą, menedżerowie, szefowie zespołów - ich brak wiedzy, kompetencji w zakresie podstaw motywacji powoduje, że nawet najlepiej skonstruowane systemy wynagrodzeń mogą się okazać niewypałem, a kryteria i zasady wypłaty w nich zawarte będą pustymi zapisami. To właśnie ich działania mogą spowodować, że teoretycznie dobrze zmotywowani finansowo pracownicy będą niezadowoleni lub będą pracować wyłącznie dla korzyści materialnej, a przy pierwszej nadarzającej się okazji zmienią miejsce pracy. Trzeba pamiętać, że wypłacanie wynagrodzeń, w gruncie rzeczy nienależnych, jest szkodliwe. Równie szkodliwe może być również permanentne niewypłacanie dodatkowej gratyfikacji dla większości pracowników - mimo istnienia regulaminu premiowania.
Naturalne zużycie…
Jest jeszcze jeden aspekt, o którym warto wspomnieć. Każdy, nawet najlepiej przygotowany, system wynagradzania po pewnym czasie stosowania ulega „zużyciu”. Pojawia się tendencja do działań samowolnych, chaotycznych oraz dowolnych. Premiowanie traci uporządkowany charakter, staje się niejasne, niezrozumiałe, lub przeciwnie jest „zbyt proste”, coraz bardziej uznaniowe i tak czy inaczej w końcu przestaje być systemowe.
Jak dążyć do ideału?
Systemy premiowania powinny już w punkcie wyjścia stanowić połączenie trzech elementów: celów – odnoszących się do priorytetów wynikających z strategii i planów działania przedsiębiorstwa, wyników – czyli rezultatów działania (pracy) osób zatrudnionych oraz wynagrodzenia – czyli gratyfikacji pieniężnej za określony wkład pracy. Bardzo dobry system premiowania pozwala na koncentrowanie wysiłków na celach obranych przez firmę przy jednoczesnym większym zróżnicowaniu w wynagradzaniu pracowników (chodzi o nagradzanie tych, którzy realizują te cele).
Czy należy uwzględniać specyfiki struktur organizacyjnych?
Specyfiki poszczególnych firm, ich wielkość i zróżnicowanie sprawia, że zarządzanie nimi staje się coraz bardziej złożone. Wydaje się, że w premiowaniu niemożliwe jest już jednorodne podejście - jednakowe do wszystkich zatrudnionych. Komórki organizacyjne realizujące różne funkcje, wymagające odrębnych kwalifikacji i wysokiego profesjonalizmu osób w nich zatrudnionych wymagają większej uwagi i również większego profesjonalizmu - ze strony osób nimi zarządzających i komórek to zarządzanie wspomagających (działów personalnych). Czy przekłada się to również bezpośrednio na premiowanie? Odpowiedź jest trudna. Na pewno systemy premiowania powinny być w jakimś stopniu dostosowane do specyfik i grup zatrudnionych, natomiast w dużych organizacjach, o bardzo różnorodnym charakterze procesu pracy, powinno tworzyć się systemy bardziej uniwersalne, bardziej uwzględniające cele i priorytety całej organizacji. To z kolei powoduje zwiększone wymagania wobec decydentów „w premiowaniu” – czyli bezpośrednich przełożonych. Nieznajomość lub niedostateczna znajomość specyfiki pracy i ludzi zatrudnionych w odrębnych strukturach grozi utratą kontroli nad procesem prac - chociażby z powodu błędów w kierowaniu ludźmi. Struktury posiadają swoją tożsamość, swoje interesy, które nierzadko są sprzeczne ze sobą. Te sprzeczności mogą, szczególnie w odniesieniu do spraw związanych z ludźmi, przynosić niepożądane skutki w postaci rosnącej ilości konfliktów, zatargów, a nawet chaosu organizacyjnego.
Firmy „jednorodne”
Istnieje wiele organizacji, w których dana specyfika (kluczowa działalność i struktura grup zatrudnienia) jest na tyle dominująca, że praktycznie stanowi o swoistej „jednorodności” firmy – biorąc pod uwagę zatrudnienie. Tu premiowanie musi być na tej głównej grupie skoncentrowane i to jest priorytet motywacyjny. Dobrym przykładem mogą być firmy handlowo – sprzedażowe. Orientacja rynkowa oznacza dla tych przedsiębiorstw generalnie „rynkowe” podejście również zarządzaniu pracownikami. Obszar handlu i sprzedaży wypracował już w wielu firmach pewien standard funkcjonalny - z działami sprzedaży, zespołami (sieciami) sprzedawców, określonymi środkami motywacji i kontroli. Funkcja sprzedażowa jest jednocześnie jedną z najbardziej zróżnicowanych. Istnieją setki organizacji, w których powiela się wspomniane standardy i korzysta z wzorców i rozwiązań wypracowanych przez innych, są również i takie, które tworzą i skutecznie wdrażają własne pomysły i systemy. Odnosi się to również do kwestii zarządzania pracownikami. Ale zasady są wspólne - motywacja i premiowanie są w dalszym ciągu mocno zindywidualizowane. Skuteczność działań handlowych faktycznie w dużym stopniu zależy od indywidualnych, zatrudnionych w dziale sprzedaży pracowników. Pojedynczy, dobry sprzedawca nie tylko sprzeda towar lub usługę, ale spowoduje, że przypadkowy klient stanie się stałym klientem dokonującym częstych zakupów. Zły sprzedawca spowoduje, że klient nie tylko nie dokona zakupu, ale w ogóle przestanie korzystać z usług danej firmy. Mimo, że coraz bardziej podkreśla się znaczenie pracy zespołowej, coraz więcej procedur, akcji „sprzedażowych” wymaga współpracy (odpowiedzialnej i dobrze koordynowanej – należy dodać), to w dalszym ciągu, w bezpośrednim kontakcie z klientem bardziej liczą się pojedynczy pracownicy.
Ogólny sens premiowania – zawsze ten sam
Sens premii wiąże się z wynagradzaniem za wyniki pracy, a nie za sam fakt zatrudnienia na danym stanowisku. Podstawą dobrego systemu premiowania jest odpowiednia wysokość, jaką powinna osiągnąć premia, jeżeli założone cele zostaną osiągnięte. Oczywiście, jeżeli premia ma być gratyfikacją dodatkowo włożonego wysiłku, musi istnieć ryzyko (może być ono dość duże), że nie osiągnięcie celu czy niezrealizowanie planu spowoduje zapłatę w mniejszej wysokości niż oczekiwano. Można się spodziewać oporu pracowników przed systemem płacowym, który sprawia, że niemała część ich wynagrodzenia jest objęta ryzykiem. Jednak mimo tego premia powinna zostać zaprojektowana jako rezultat realnych osiągnięć przedsiębiorstwa.
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