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Przeciwdziałanie dyskryminacji ze względu na wiek - proces rekrutacji
Autor: Jarosław Mariciniak
Dyskryminacja jako zjawisko nie jest wymysłem ustawodawcy czy też wybranych środowisk – jest ona faktem. Dyskryminacja kładzie się cieniem na życiu jednostek. Przynosi także szkody dla gospodarki i społeczeństwa jako całości. Grupa pracowników umownie nazywana 50+ (czasem 45+ lub podobnie) jest grupą szczególnie narażoną na dyskryminacyjne traktowanie w trakcie próby zmiany miejsca pracy lub w trakcie jej poszukiwania po okresie pozostawania bez zatrudnienia.
Równe traktowanie ze względu na wiek a kwestia rekrutacji
Pojęcie równego traktowania w zatrudnieniu jest rozumiane bardzo szeroko – obejmuje ono zarówno etap rekrutacji i selekcji pracowników, nawiązania i rozwiązania stosunku pracy, jak i warunków zatrudnienia, awansu oraz dostępu do szkoleń. Formalnie zakaz dyskryminacji obejmuje więc również stosunki przedkontraktowe (przed zawarciem umowy o pracę), czyli pracownik jest chroniony na wszystkich etapach związanych z pracą dla danej firmy czy też organizacji. W praktyce można więc powiedzieć, że każdy kontakt pracownika (w tym przyszłego, potencjalnego) z pracodawcą powinien być zgodny z zasadą równego traktowania. Tego rodzaju wymóg wynika zarówno z krajowych przepisów jak i prawa europejskiego. W dyrektywie UE 2002/73/EC z dnia 23 września 2002 r. zmieniającej dyrektywę 76/207/EEC w sprawie wprowadzenia w życie zasady równości traktowania mężczyzn i kobiet w zakresie dostępu do zatrudnienia, kształcenia i awansu zawodowego oraz warunków pracy, wyraźnie podkreślono, że na żadnym etapie procesu rekrutacji nie powinno stosować się kryterium wieku (poza przypadkami kryteriów narzuconych przez prawo). Materiały reklamowe i informacyjne nie mogą zawierać określeń wieku ani obrazów i tekstu kojarzących się z młodością. Wynajmowane przez pracodawców agencje rekrutacyjne również nie powinny określać wieku jako kryterium. Wszystkie osoby zaangażowane w firmie proces rekrutacji i selekcji powinny mieć świadomość problemów dyskryminacji ze względu na wiek.
Dlaczego starsi pracownicy są dyskryminowani przy naborze?
Uważa się powszechnie i jest to mocno utrwalony stereotyp, że osoby starsze, mają generalnie niższy poziom wykształcenia, gorszy stan zdrowia, mają problemy z adaptacją do nowych i zmieniających się często warunków, są zmęczeni pracą i często ujawniają strach przed konkurencją ze strony młodych. Faktem jest, że różnice w zdolności do pracy, występujące u poszczególnych pracowników nasilają się wraz z wiekiem. W grupie osób starszych można zauważyć znaczną rozpiętość faktycznych możliwości pracy - zarówno ze względów psychofizycznych jak i środowiskowych. Jedni pracownicy mimo wieku są sprawni, efektywni i zaangażowani, chętni do podejmowania nowych wyzwań, inni – wręcz przeciwnie, będąc w tym samym wieku co poprzedni, demonstrują nikłe zdolności i chęci do pracy (na podstawie podręcznika: Pracownicy 45+ w naszej firmie, Wyd. Program Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Rozwoju (UNDP), Warszawa, 2007 r.).
Z drugiej strony, liczne badania pokazują, że osoby starsze rzadziej chorują, mają niższy wskaźnik absencji, wykazują otwartość na nowe doświadczenia i są bardziej usatysfakcjonowane swoją pracą. Istotne są również negatywne poglądy „menedżerskie”, dla wielu zarządzających starzejąca się załoga jest poważnym zagrożeniem dla konkurencyjności firmy, osłabia jej pozycje rynkową. Kolejnym zarzutem jest teza, że pracownicy ci są negatywnie nastawieni do ewentualnego dalszego przeszkolenia, niechętnie uczą się nowych umiejętności. Podkreśla się ich „złe nawyki pracy”.
Aktywność, zaangażowanie pracowników w sam proces pracy, to czynniki zależne od rodzaju pracy, o indywidualnych cech pracownika, a nie związane bezpośrednio z wiekiem. Podobnie sprawność fizyczna. Praktyka z wielu zakładów produkcyjnych pokazuje, że nierzadko na stanowiskach „fizycznych” można spotkać sprawniejszego i silniejszego 50 latka niż 20 latka. Ważne dla pracodawcy jest również to, że z wiekiem zmniejsza się liczba błędów w pracy, ponadto starsi pracownicy statystycznie rzadziej ulegają wypadkom przy pracy (dane ZUS wskazują, że liczba absencji chorobowych wcale nie jest zależna od wieku).
Kiedy występuje dyskryminacja „wiekowa” w rekrutacji?
Występuje ona wówczas, gdy w ogłoszeniu umieszczono jako wymóg np. dolną granicę wieku (stanowiska kierownicze, samodzielne) lub górną granicę wieku (w celu uniknięcia zatrudnienia osób starszych, zwłaszcza w wieku przedemerytalnym), czasami też można spotkać określenie tzw. preferowanych przedziałów wiekowych. Ponadto, za dyskryminację pośrednią, w pewnych okolicznościach, może zostać uznane generalne wskazanie w ogłoszeniu, że poszukiwane są osoby młode (typowym przykładem może być sformułowanie „poszukujemy młodego, dynamicznego, kreatywnego pracownika”), lub nawet informacja, iż osoba zatrudniona na danym stanowisku, będzie pracować „w młodym zespole”. Podobnie jak w odniesieniu do kryterium płci, określenie w treści ogłoszenia rekrutacyjnego wymogu posiadania określonego wieku nie będzie naruszeniem zakazu dyskryminacji, gdy kryterium to wynika z przepisów prawa lub będzie ono uzasadnione rodzajem pracy bądź jej warunkami (może to być praca wymagająca wysokiej sprawności psychofizycznej). Trzeba przyznać, że w dalszym ciągu wiek jest drugą po płci najczęściej wymienianą cechą w ogłoszeniach o poszukiwaniu pracobiorców spośród kryteriów dyskryminacyjnych. Pracodawcy nierzadko kierują się kryterium wieku jako istotną przesłanką do wyboru pracownika spośród starających się o zatrudnienie, nawet w sytuacji, w której wiek formalnie nie jest warunkiem wymienionym w ogłoszeniu lub wewnętrznych dokumentach firmy związanych z rekrutacją (opisy stanowisk, wnioski o zatrudnienie, formularze zapotrzebowań itp.). Co gorsze, wymóg ten często pojawia się w postaci „zwerbalizowanej” w trakcie rozmów kwalifikacyjnych. Dlaczego tak się dzieje? Pracodawcy patrzą na kandydatów przede wszystkim przez pryzmat kwalifikacji, wykształcenia kandydata ,umiejętności nabytych w poprzednich miejscach pracy. Ulegają również negatywnym stereotypom, które często związanym z wiekiem.
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