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Systemy premiowe 6
c.d.
Autor: Jarosław Marciniak
Rekomendowane kroki w pilotażu systemu premiowania:
1. Wdrożenie systemu dla wybranej struktury na okres próbny.
2. Raport działu controllingu dotyczący efektów pracy w okresie przeprowadzania pilotażu.
3. Ankieta dot. systemu premiowania - dla kadry kierowniczej oraz pracowników komórki objętych pilotażem,
4. Pierwsza weryfikacja wpływu systemu na wyniki pracy w pilotażowej komórce organizacyjnej,
Przy próbie oceny premiowania pojawia się bardzo ważny aspekt społeczny i psychologiczny. Jeżeli system jest powszechnie postrzegany jako niesprawiedliwy to nawet najlepsze próby przekonywania pracowników, że jest inaczej spełzną na niczym. Postrzeganie takie, zazwyczaj spowodowane jest, po pierwsze - brakiem dokładnej i jasnej i zrozumiałej informacji dotyczącej ogólnych zasad funkcjonowania systemu, po drugie - niepełną znajomością reguł i metod obliczania premii, po trzecie - zbyt dużą dowolnością w określaniu stopnia spełniania kryteriów przez dysponentów. Kolejnym, chyba dość często spotykanym problemem, jest swoista „abstrakcyjność” premii. Dzieje się tak wtedy, gdy kryteria systemu są tak w firmie „wyśrubowane”, iż praktycznie nie zdarza się aby było je można spełnić. System wspaniale wyglądający na papierze pozostaje jedynie dokumentem. Co więcej, nawet w momencie, gdy któremuś z pracowników lub zespołów uda się osiągnąć założone wymagania i w końcu otrzymują gratyfikację, to znaczenie motywacyjne takiego systemu jest nieduże.
Premia to nie wszystko
Nawet najlepszy system premiowania nie zapewni „kompletnej” motywacji. Są w życiu firmy i w procesie pracy momenty zwiększonego wysiłku, który czasem nawet trudno „podciągnąć” pod istniejące w systemie premiowania parametry i kryteria, a ludzi, którzy dali z siebie bardzo dużo należałoby dodatkowo wynagrodzić. Trzeba pamiętać, że skomplikowane i nierzadko rozbudowane systemy premiowe (lub prowizyjne), skrupulatne wyliczane wypłaty, nie zastąpią zupełnie gratyfikacji szybkiej, niejako spontanicznej i mocno zindywidualizowanej. Stąd też rekomendacja dla nagród – jako „systemowego” uzupełnienia premii. Nagrody są nieobowiązkowym świadczeniem pracodawcy na rzecz pracownika. Można je zdefiniować jako pieniężne lub rzeczowe świadczenie przyznawane pracownikowi przez pracodawcę - według jego uznania. Jednakże uznanie to jest ograniczone przez obowiązek stosowania pracodawcę obiektywnych i sprawiedliwych kryteriów oceny pracowników oraz wyników pracy, a także przestrzegania podstawowych zasad prawa pracy: równego traktowania pracowników oraz niedyskryminacji. Zgodnie z kodeksu pracy (art. 105) nagrody i wyróżnienia mogą być przyznawane pracownikom za: wzorowe wypełnianie swoich obowiązków, przejawianie inicjatywy w pracy zmierzające do podniesienia jej wydajności oraz jakości. Zgodnie z powyższym, nagrody i wyróżnienia przewidziane w kodeksie pracy stanowią instrumenty pozytywnego oddziaływania pracodawcy na zachowania pracowników w procesie pracy. Nagrody nie mogą być jednakże przyznawane za dowolne postępowanie pracowników, a jedynie za postępowanie spełniające wyżej wymienione, ogólne kryteria. Odróżnienie premii od nagród nierzadko sprawia pewne kłopoty. Przykładem może być tzw. premia uznaniowa, która wprawdzie nosi nazwę premii, ale faktycznie jest nagrodą, przyznawaną w wyniku pozytywnej oceny indywidualnego wysiłku pracownika, który nie jest określony miarami. Tak więc premia, którą pracownik może otrzymać jedynie w zależności od oceny jego pracy przez przełożonego, nie zaś od konkretnego i obiektywnego wskaźnika premiowego, jest nagrodą, a decyzja przełożonego nie podlega kontroli organów orzekających w sprawach pracowniczych.
Czy należy przygotowywać regulamin nagród?
Pracodawcy traktują nagrody i wyróżnienia jako element zupełnie dowolny, poza wszelką kontrolą i ustaleniami. Ta praktyka niezupełnie zgodna jest z prawem pracy, ponadto nawet najbardziej „uznaniowe” nagrody mogą być w jakiś sposób ujęte i określone w funkcjonującym w danym zakładzie pracy systemie wynagrodzeń. Mogą występować i występują w niektórych organizacjach wewnętrzne regulacje nagrodowe (regulaminy nagród), w których w sposób ogólny, pracodawca określi podstawowe wymogi ich uzyskania. Przygotowanie tego rodzaju zapisów jest pewną opcją – rozwiązaniem porządkującym w sposób wyczerpujący sferę gratyfikacji pracowników w danym zakładzie pracy. Uregulowanie kwestii przyznawania nagród i wyróżnień może stanowić pożądane uzupełnienie obowiązujących w organizacji regulacji systemowych odnoszących się do wynagradzania (regulaminu wynagradzania i na przykład regulaminu premiowania). Wprowadzając kolejny regulamin, pracodawca musi pamiętać o tym aby nagrody były formalnie i merytorycznie wyodrębnione od innych składników wynagradzania, a przede wszystkim od premii.
Nagradzanie – jako specyficzny element kultury organizacyjnej
Nagradzanie pracowników, w „klasycznej” postaci – czyli „extra” gratyfikacji pieniężnej lub rzeczowej, jest stosowane stanowczo zbyt rzadko. Może przynieść pozytywne rezultaty, które wykraczają poza sferę „czystej” motywacji. Weźmy jako przykład duże przedsiębiorstwo, w którym pracownicy od wielu już lat „są objęci” znaczną premią kwartalną, a pracownicy działu sprzedaży oraz obsługi klientów mają wysokie prowizje. Niezależnie od faktycznie zrealizowanych kryteriów premiowania, od stopnia zaangażowania poszczególnych pracowników w „wypracowanie” parametrów takich jak zysk firmy, koszty i budżet danego działu, przyrosty ilościowe i jakościowe, wypłaty z tytułu premii nie niosą już elementu zaskoczenia, niespodzianki, nie przynoszą po prostu radości. Dlatego też bardzo dobrze zostały przyjęte przez pracowników nagrody rzeczowe, przekazywane najbardziej zaangażowanym zatrudnionym dwa razy do roku. Nadanie temu „przekazywaniu” nagród uroczystej oprawy (spotkanie dużej części załogi z zarządem, dyplomy, informacje w intranecie itd.), a ponadto odpowiedni dobór jakościowy i kwotowy nagród, zapewniło bardzo dobry odbiór tej formy gratyfikacji. Nie zastąpiła ona w żadnej mierze premii czy prowizji, ale stanowiła „mocny” akcent, sensowne uzupełnienie stosowanych do tej pory środków. Oczywiście nie wszystkie firmy mogą sobie pozwolić na tego typu gratyfikacje, nie wszędzie też kultura organizacyjna jest adekwatna dla tego typu przedsięwzięć. Ale liczy się przede wszystkim mocne „podbicie” indywidualnych osiągnięć, pokazanie wszystkim tych, którzy są docenianie w szczególny sposób, omawianie ich osiągnięć na szerokim forum, wreszcie przekazanie gratyfikacji w specjalny sposób. W ten sposób premiowanie (nagradzanie) jest jednocześnie dostosowane do specyfiki firmy, a ponadto, w jakiś sposób na tę specyfikę wpływa.
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