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Systemy premiowe - dostosowanie do specyfiki firmy
Autor: Jarosław Marciniak
Modyfikując lub tworząc systemy premiowe (generalnie cały system wynagradzania) często zadajemy sobie pytanie – w jakim stopniu i w jaki sposób uwzględnić specyfikę naszej firmy, jednostki organizacyjnej – pionu, działu. Czy są uniwersalne reguły, zasady, które można zastosować zawsze i wszędzie? Czy możemy premię tak dopasować, żeby była adekwatna do każdej specyfiki? Niniejsze opracowanie może pomóc w uzyskaniu odpowiedzi na te pytania.
Premia – to też płaca…
Premią jest, bez względu na nazwę (premia czy nagroda), świadczenie, które uzależnione jest od spełnienia określonych w regulaminie (lub w innym dokumencie – również w umowie o pracę) pozytywnych przesłanek i niewystąpienia jednocześnie przesłanek negatywnych, sformułowanych w sposób konkretny i sprawdzalny. Premia jest integralną częścią wynagrodzenia za pracę i podlega takiej samej ochronie jak pozostałe składniki wynagrodzenia. Charakter prawny premii jest taki sam jak wynagrodzenia zasadniczego inny jest natomiast sposób ustalania uprawnienia do niej i określania jej wysokości. Przysługuje ona pracownikowi tytułem ekwiwalentu za określone wyniki w pracy indywidualnej lub zespołowej. Jej rola polega głównie na wzmocnieniu i uaktywnieniu funkcji motywacyjnej wynagrodzenia. Może ona występować w bardzo różnych systemach wynagradzania i bardzo różnych organizacjach, ale zawsze uzupełnia wynagrodzenie zasadnicze, nigdy zaś nie występuje jako samodzielny składnik wynagrodzenia. Jej rola polega głównie na wzmocnieniu i uaktywnieniu funkcji motywacyjnej wynagrodzenia. Premia nie zastępuje, więc wynagrodzeń zasadniczych, ale dobrze skonstruowany system premiowy może być doskonałym mechanizmem kontroli dającym w dłuższej perspektywie odpowiedź na pytanie - czy sterowanie zmianami w wynagradzaniu pracowników jest opłacalne dla przedsiębiorstwa.
Premia – funkcja sterująca
Motywacyjny charakter premii związany jest z dwiema podstawowymi funkcjami wynagrodzeń. Pierwsza funkcja, nazywana wspomagającą oznacza zapewnienie pracownikowi podstawowego, minimalnego w gruncie rzeczy, bezpieczeństwa materialnego. Druga - funkcja sterująca, wzmacnia te zachowania oraz postawy zatrudnionych, które są pożądane przez pracodawcę i menedżerów – sprzyjać, więc może rzeczywistej motywacji. I to jest właśnie rola premiowania – dodatkowe oddziaływanie na zatrudnionych, wspieranie tego co zdaniem zarządzających firmą jest w procesie pracy celowe, wartościowe, pożyteczne. Funkcja sterująca pozwala informować pracowników, które czynniki (rezultaty) w działalności firmy są istotne oraz w związku z tym, jakie zachowania i postawy zatrudnionych są najważniejsze dla przedsiębiorstwa. Właściwie wprowadzona skutkuje tym, że każde naprawdę dobrze zrealizowane zadanie, ale też nowe przedsięwzięcie, projekt, odpowiednia postawa - znajduje odzwierciedlenie w gratyfikacji płacowej osób, które przyczyniły się do realizacji. Funkcja sterująca to również wzmacnianie zachowań odnoszących się do lepszej współpracy, zarówno ze współpracownikami jak i z klientami czy kontrahentami firmy.
Dlaczego w wielu firmach premie nie działają?
W większości firm stosuje się dodatkowe rozwiązania motywacyjne – premie, nagrody, kafeterie i… niewiele z tego dobrego wynika. Zarządy, kierownictwa uważają, że wystarczy dość wysoka premia i motywację mamy „z głowy”. Niestety motywacja, w szczególności płacowa, nigdy w praktyce nie jest zbyt prosta. W wielu firmach premiowanie na wysokim poziomie jest standardem, ale równie częstym standardem jest niezadowolenie pracowników z poziomu faktycznie otrzymywanych wynagrodzeń, poczucie niesprawiedliwości, zniechęcenie. Czy to oznacza, że nie trzeba pracowników dodatkowo motywować, nie stosować na przykład premii? Nie, oznacza to po prostu, że mitem jest, iż sama premia, nawet stosunkowo wysoka, załatwi wszystkie kwestie związane z zachęceniem pracowników do lepszej, bardziej wydajnej pracy. Premiowanie jest jedynie elementem składowym, częścią całego systemu oddziaływań na pracowników.
Błędy, błędy…
Premie nie działają z powodu błędów popełnianych przy ich tworzeniu, wdrażaniu i administrowaniu. Często jest tak, iż systemy są opracowywane, mają określoną konstrukcję, formalne zasady ich stosowania, kryteria, czynniki, parametry, ścisłe regulacje odnoszące się do wypłat i... nic się nie dzieje. Taki stan może utrzymywać się latami, a problemy z motywowaniem pracowników stają się nierzadko jedną z przyczyn niepowodzeń przedsiębiorstwa. Najczęściej jest tak, gdy premie i nagrody stają się praktycznie stałymi składnikami płacy. Jeżeli w firmie, w odczuciu przeciętnego pracownika otrzymanie premii jest „prawie” pewne, ale wystarczy subiektywna ocena np. przełożonego (nie poparta żadnym „wyliczalnym” czynnikiem), aby nie dostać w ogóle zmiennej części wynagrodzenia, to system premiowania jest po prostu zły.
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